The Uncertainty Of Minority Identity In Claude Mckays...

The Uncertainty of Minority Identity in Claude McKay s America Claude McKay was simultaneously a central and a peripheral figure in the Harlem Renaissance. McKay s name is inextricably linked with this poetic movement; his work was included in Alain Locke s seminal anthology The New Negro: An Interpretation (1925), cementing not only his success as a contemporary poet but also his significance as a black poet in America. However, McKay is an unusual case in that, unlike other notable Harlem poets like Langston Hughes or Gwendolyn Bennett, he was not born in America. McKay moved from his native Jamaica to America when he was 22, he was already a grown man and an established poet by the time he experienced life in a racially divided†¦show more content†¦McKay inserts himself into the canonical literary history of the sonnet, exploiting this mainstream, traditional form to discuss the issue of unstable identities experienced by marginalised groups in America. Robert Smith argues that the sonnet form s rise and fall seemed quite the thing for the thought [McKay] wished to convey to his readers (Smith 273). The oscillation of sonnets between contradictory ideas allows McKay to riddle America with contesting descriptions of America, all of which destabilise the speaker s feelings towards this country, as the love which he explicitly claims to feel is undercut by consistent qualifications and mitigations. The unconventionality of McKay s type of rise and fall (Smith 273) lies in the continual nature of this oscillation; there is not just one turning point in America, it is perpetually twisting and turning as it navigates the experience of the speaker as a member of an oppressed group. Although the poem starts with ostensibly negative images of a feminised America feeding the speaker bread of bitterness (2) as she sinks into my throat her tiger s tooth (2). The plosives in the tight-knit phrase bread of bitterness create forceful, heavy sounds , sitting on the tongue uncomfortably, just like the unpalatable bread itself. The inversion of syntax in the following line is also awkward, foregrounding the act of violence being

What Actually Is Physician Assisted Suicide - 1390 Words

What actually is Physician-Assisted Suicide? In the discussion of Physician-Assisted Suicide you have to make sure that you use the right terminology and make sure that it is clear. Some of the greatest dangers of facing chronic and terminally ill patients are a grey area regarding PAS. There is a strict process to practice PAS. Despite the stringencies, the Council of Ethical and Judicial Affairs (1992) found that 28% of PAS cases in the Netherlands did not meet the specific criteria. The evidence suggests that some of the patient’s lives may have ended involuntarily or prematurely. The problem can be fixed with advance directives. These directives can be written by competent individuals explaining their decision to be aided in dying when†¦show more content†¦informs and or provides the necessary means. The act is performed by the patient. †¢ Euthanasia: Dr. preforms intervention Euthanasia means to bring death and end all suffering for an ill person in a quick and painless way. Facts about Physician-Assisted Suicide A study of social workers and nurses in Oregon reported that symptoms of extreme air hunger, anxiety, depression, pain and fear of dying were more involved among hospice patients who have not requested an aid-in-dying medication. The article in Palliative Medicine reported on the patterns of hospice nurses noted that Oregon was in both the highest and lowest quartile use of concerning patterns of hospice use. Oregon has the lowest hospital death rates in the nation and the in home death rates and the highest of the nation in violent suicide among hospice patients has been significantly lowered. The health care professionals that are concerned with this bioethics are also opposed to this due to the effects that it can have with populations. This is known as the slippery slope. This argument apprehension that PAS is will be used for the terminally ill and it can progress to other communities, mostly the disabled communities, and will be used by those who feel that they are less worthy based on demographic or socioeconomic status. In addition, some populations are at more risk untimely because deaths those that are PAS, patients might be subjected to PAS without their full knowledge and consent. Some aspects ofShow MoreRelatedEthical and Legal Debates on Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pageslife is shall death be the same, or can we choose on how we leave this earth. Over the years, the laws and ethical consternation regarding the debatable subject of euthanasia and assisted suicide, have been questioned frequently by society. Though the question may never be answered between euthanasia and assisted suicide being right or wrong, the fact of the matter is that people are still choosing their fate. In America, euthanasia refers to a person knowingly, and purposely taking another personsRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Voluntary Active Euthanasia Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesill look to that are familiarized by our society, physician assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide is when the patient is prescribed lethal medicine by the doctor to commit suicide. While, voluntary active euthanasia is when a physician takes an active role in the action of killing the patient. There is often debate on whether or not any of these actions should be legalized in all states. Physician assisted suicide is legal in Oregon, California, Montana, VermontRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : A Right Of The People1700 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-Assisted Suicide: A Right of the People Most people have seen at least one person in their life suffering in unbearable pain up to their death, and it’s never something people find joy in. There is nothing pleasing about being in pain or watching someone be in pain. For those people whose pain does not respond to methods of modern medicine, there should be the option of physician-assisted suicide. â€Å"Physician-assisted suicide refers to the practice of a physician prescribing or regulatingRead MoreDeath, Duty, And Dignity1327 Words   |  6 Pagespapers around 1994 when Oregon was having a debate on whether or not to pass a Death with Dignity Act. At the time, Theresa spoke against physician-assisted suicide because she felt that this form of help is allowing people to do what they want when it is time to die. This is not anything that Catholics view. Eventually her father, Ted, utilized physician-assisted suicide. He contacted her saying that he had grade IV glioblastoma multiforme, a deadly form of brain can cer. Ted had brain surgery to removeRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide: A Controversial Topic1566 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide has become an enormous debate across the world. It was originally thought to be entirely cruel and immoral, but, as time has passed and medical ethics have been considered, it has slowly gained acceptance. Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS) is a legitimate option for those suffering from painful terminal illnesses. It allows the patient who is suffering to have a choice in the matter of their life, which is valuable when someone is in such a vulnerable place. LegallyRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1578 Words   |  7 Pagesmeasures. One of the alternative options is Physician-Assisted Suicide; defined as the voluntary termination of one’s own life by administration of a lethal substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician (â€Å"Physician-assisted†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). In layman’s terms it means that a physician administers medications to the patients to use on their own terms, and it’s entirely up to the patient whether or not to ingest the medication. I know Physician-Assisted Suicide is a practical solution to terminally illRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of physician-assisted suicide has become very controversial because of the ethical questions. The physical state of health of the patient, the patient’s personal life, and even the financial pressure of the patient are all factors to consider when contemplating whether or not to legalize this controversial cause of death. Physician-assisted suicide regarding medical ethics states that a physician cannot legally give any patient a lethal injection to end their life, but they can take theRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Voluntary Active Euthanasia Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pageslook to that are familiarized by our society: physician assisted suicid e and voluntary active euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide is when the patient is prescribed lethal medicine by the doctor to commit suicide. Meanwhile, voluntary active euthanasia is when a physician takes an active role in the act of killing the patient. There is often debate on whether or not any of these actions should be legalized in all states. Physician assisted suicide is legal in Oregon, California, Montana, VermontRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide is NOT Ethical Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesIs physician assisted suicide morally right? This has been a controversial subject for some time now. People are wondering whether or not it is the most humane thing to do. If dogs can be putdown, why not people? The reason is in that question. They are people. Every life is important, no matter how long it may be. Instead of finding a way to get rid of people faster, the government could put those efforts in something more positive. If other people are considering whether or no t the patients’ lifeRead More Assisted Suicide Or Euthanasia Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pages ASSISTED SUICIDE or euthanasia On July 26, 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld decisions in New York and Washington State that criminalized assisted suicide. As of April 1999, physicians-assisted suicide is illegal in all but a couple of states. Over thirty states have established laws prohibiting assisted suicide, and of those who don’t have statues, a number of them prohibit it through common law. In Michigan, Jack Kevorkian was initially charged with violating the state statue. He

Motivation Family, Friends and Future Essay Example For Students

Motivation Family, Friends and Future Essay Its not the alarm clock to wake me up every morning, but the dream! Thinking of the dream, these words appear in my mind: family, friends and future. These three F  s are the motivations that help me to achieve my dream, to live the way that I want to live. Everyone has their own family, and everyone needs family. Parents give us all their love and they are reliable. I believe there is not any kind of love that could compare to parents love. Every time when I dont feel good, they always tell me The wind will stop, and so will the rain. Stay happy. You can get through anything.   Because of that, I feel confident of myself in everything. If I run out of motivation, the only thing I would think about are my parents, who give me everything I have right now. When I was born, I was naked, underweight, short height, untalkable and unwalkable, all I could do was crying to express what I was thinking. At the time, my parents helped me with everything. They gave me all their love; they never complained to me or blame on me about my naivete; they are like a candle, burning themselves for me. Their love motivates me. As an international student who is study in a foreign country, I always feel homesick and want to go home as soon as possible, but I cant. Thinking about parents who are waiting for me to come back home with success, I could not come back yet, I need to study hard and to be successful. Therefore, one day, when I come back home, my parents will be proud of me, and they will know all the money and time they spent on me was worth it. In order to go back home as soon as possible, I realize I need to study hard and get many credits every semester. They give me all their love, I cant let them down. Friends are the priceless treasure I have got besides family. Friends are the impetus when I get into trouble. Sometimes I feel study is so boring when I am alone, however, if there is a friend study with, I feel more interested, because we could talk sometime. In some cases, they are the impetus that makes me feel that I would like to go to school, because we can hang out with each other at school everyday. In another case, some of my friends are really good at studying, because of that, I think I should study harder to make progress as well. And also if I have personal issues, they always stand by and they will tell me, Its okay. You will be fine. Learning something from this time and improve yourself for next time.  After that I developed a positive attitude and learned to get over it. If I am a boat, friends are like the sail, without the sail I cant sail to the sea, I will capsize in the surfy sea. To achieve my dream, the last F   would be future. Future plays a big role in my life, so it motivates me a lot as well. Actually, future takes a part in my dream. Whenever you want to give up, just think about your bright future  , that is what I would tell myself when I have a tough time. I always look forward to my future: my parents will be healthy, they wont need to worry about money, because I will take care of that; I will have a husband who loves me and cherishes me; and I will have a cool son and a cute daughter, I will teach them how to take care of themselves just like the way my parents taught me. .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca , .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca .postImageUrl , .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca , .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca:hover , .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca:visited , .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca:active { border:0!important; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca:active , .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubc757b2bdeab980b80c22b0865d918ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breast Cancer Essay PaperIn order to have a bright future, I need to make some adjustments from now on, I am going to look after myself: I have to eat properly, keep out junk foods; I need to get used to drinking warm water which enhance digestion; I have to learn to take medicine whenever I am sick; because I need to be healthy myself so that I could take care of my parents in the future. Also, I will try to be friendly to everyone; I want to be a considerate person; I will care more about my friends who are around me; and I want to be a calm person and smile more than before. Im fighting for my future, because I want to be good enough to deserve the love of people who I love. These three F  s as if magnificent sunrise in my life, I live with them, I fight for them to build the road of my life. There might be hardness, difficulty and the time I want to give up. Even though I know life is tough, I will not be upset, because I have my parents love, friends standing by and a bright future waiting for me; their supports motivate me all the time.

The Panama Canal Essay Example For Students

The Panama Canal Essay American Foreign PolicyNovember 30, 1994In 1825, a group of American businesspeople announced the formation of a canal building company, with interests in constructing a canal system across the Isthmus. This project was to take place in an area now called Panama. The endeavor was filled with controversy. Though the canal itself was not built until the early 1900s every step toward the building and ownership, was saturated with difficulty. Walter LaFeber illustrates the dilemmas in a historical analysis. In his work he states five questions that address the significance of the Panama Canal to United States. This paper will discuss the historical perspective of the books author, address pertinent three questions and give a critique of LaFebers work, The Panama Canal. We will write a custom essay on The Panama Canal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For proper historical analysis one must understand the importance of the Canal. The Panama Canal and the Canal Zone (the immediate area surrounding the Canal) are important areas used for trade. Even before the canal was built there were to large ports on both sides of the Isthmus. Large amounts of cargo passed through the Isthmus by a railroad that connected the two ports. The most important cargo was the gold mined in California before the transcontinental railroad was completed in the United States. It has strategic significance because of its location, acting as a gateway connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This allows for rapid naval deployment between fleets in either ocean. These two facets make the Panama Canal very important in the region. LaFeber notes that Panamanian nationalism played a large role in the creation of the canal and, consequently, the cause for the areas constant instability. The first expression occurred in the late 1800s with Panamanian struggle for independence from Columbia. The United States eager to build the canal, and control its operation, used and backed Panamanian nationalist. During the Roosevelt administration, not only did the United States manipulate factors isolating Panama from other world powers through the Monroe Doctrine; but it committed troops aiding the revolutionaries against another sovereign state. The reason this is a surprise is because the Roosevelt administration normally held a position favoring stability. The United States had no legal right to use force against Columbia. Nationalism came back to haunt the United States. With the treaty signed and a 99-year lease given to the United States, the Canal was built. Since then, the United States has varied on its stance of ow nership and the principles of sovereignty concerning the Canal. The ever persistent debate of who owns the Canal and who should have sovereign control over it, has not been solved. The United States has occasionally attempted to claim the Canal zone through various methods such as military occupation, exclusion of Panamanians for important jobs in Canal operations and even through the customary aspect of international law. However, each time the Panamanians have managed to maintain claim to the Canal despite the United States imperialistic posturing to get it. The most recent and notorious of the United States attempts to annex the Canal Zone was during the Reagan administration. President Reagan said that the Canal Zone could be equated as a sovereign territory equal to that of Alaska. The question here is, was he correct? LaFeber points out that, the United States does not own the Zone or enjoy all sovereign rights in it. He uses the treaty of 1936 in Article III that states, The Canal Zone is the territory of the Republic of Panama under the jurisdiction of the United States. The entire topic was summed up neatly by Ellsworth Bunker, a negotiator in the region, when he said, We bought Louisiana; we bought Alaska. In Panama we bought not territory, but rights.A second important question, is the Canal a vital interest to the United States? LaFeber gives three points suggesting that it is not. First, the importance of the Canal decreased after 1974, because of the end of the Vietnam War and all related military traffic ceased. Second, is the age of the antique machinery dating back to 1914. Inevitably the machinery will need to be replaced.Lastly, the size of the new tankers and cargo ships. The capacity of the canal is too small to handle such a large amount of tonnage. These are viable factors; however, the first argument is concerning whether a war is taking place. It is circumstantial in providing a solid reason for increased traffic through the Zone. This can easily change through and emergence of a new conflict or trading habits of other countries. .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e , .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e .postImageUrl , .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e , .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e:hover , .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e:visited , .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e:active { border:0!important; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e:active , .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u37781bcdb858bd24c476c3c8f7ae2f9e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teamwork EssayThirdly, why have the Panamanians insisted on assuming total control of the Canal. The Panamanians are making millions of dollars annually and the United States run the Canal efficiently. LaFeber points in the direction of economics as the principal factor and nationalism as secondary. The Panamanians fear the amount of reliance they have on U.S. investments. The fear is enhanced by the large dependence of their national economy on MNCs, American banks and mining companies. LaFeber continues saying that Panamanians find it difficult to cross the Zone because of check points and resent their country being split in half. Continuing he asserts that perhaps if th e Panamanians were to have complete control the Zone the amount of revenue would increase. Panamanians could also develop spinoff industries such as drydocks and ship building creating an increase in profits. Walter LaFeber develops a persuasive argument for the interpretation of historical events surrounding the creation of the Panama Canal. As is consistent with other LaFebers works, his research and fact finding technique in The Panama Canal is complete if not exhaustive. He presents an objective outlook on issues surrounding the Canal. He uses a historical approach in presenting his contribution to a subject that is lacking in information and scholarly examination. In conclusion, this paper has addressed the historical perspective that the author of the book used. A discussion also included three important questions concerning the Canal, its importance and the relationship between the United States and Panama. Furthermore, this paper examines the effectiveness and usefulness of LaFebers, The Panama Canal.

Pros and Cons of Wind Power free essay sample

Muhammad Meteorology Lab Professor Edward Perantoni The Pros and Cons of Wind Power There is no perfect energy source. Each and every one has its own rewards and drawbacks. In this paper I will explore the advantages and disadvantages of wind power. Today the world needs to look at the different natural energy sources available to us. Global warming could be due to our energy craving lifestyle, while considering this possibility let’s take a look at some of the pros and cons of wind power. It’s been said that wind energy can be a viable solution to most of our home energy bill problems. In addition to aiding us in decreasing our expenses on home energy, it is also environmentally friendly. Unlike many energy sources that release chemical substances into the atmosphere, wind generators only use wind power. It has no other byproducts that can damage our atmosphere causing ozone thinning and many other related problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Wind Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The only thing that the wind generator will produce is the cheap energy that you can use to power the appliances in your house. A few of the major advantages of wind power are that it’s clean, renewable, and relatively cheap. In addition to being friendly to the surrounding environment, no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity from wind energy. Wind turbines take up less space than the average power station. Windmills only have to occupy a few square meters for the base; this allows the land around the turbine to be used for many purposes, for example agriculture. Wind turbines can also come in a range of different sizes in order to support varying population levels. Newer technologies are making the extraction of wind energy much more efficient. The wind is free, and we are able to cash in on this free source of energy. While the advantages of wind energy tend to be global the disadvantages are more of a local nature. (1) The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliability factor. In many areas, the winds strength is too low to support a wind farm. (2) Wind turbines generally produce less electricity than the average fossil fuelled power station, requiring multiple wind turbines to be built in order to make an impact. (3) The noise pollution from commercial wind turbines is sometimes similar to a small jet engine. This is fine if you live miles away, where you will hardly notice the noise, but if you live within a few hundred meters of a turbine this is can be a major disadvantage. I feel that there should be government involvement in the research and development of wind power projects. I believe that the government should aid in the development of new projects, construction planning, maybe provide some sort of certification of equipment, as well as providing loans and tax credits towards the building of wind power farms and turbines. A wind vane could be useful in helping to determine the direction of the wind in order to conserve energy.

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter E

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter E Chemistry abbreviations and acronyms are common in all fields of science. This collection offers common abbreviations and acronyms beginning with the letter E used in chemistry and chemical engineering. Abbreviations With the Letter E e - electrone- - electronE - EnergyE1520 - Propylene GlycolEA - Epoxy AdhesiveEA - Ethyl AcetateEAA - Ethylene Acrylic AcidEAM - Embedded Atom MethodEAS - Electrophilic Aromatic SubstitutionEB - Electrode BarrierEBSD - Electron BackScatter DiffractionEBT - Eriochrome Black T indicatorEC - Electron CaptureEC - Ethyl CarbonateECD - Electron Capture DetectorECH - Enoyl-CoA HydrataseEDI - Electrical De-IonizationEDP - Ethylene Diamine PyrocatecholEDT - 1,2-Ethane DiThiolEDTA - Ethylene-Diamine-Tetra-Acetic acidEE - Ether ExtractEEC - Equilibrium Equivalent ConcentrationEEC - Evaporation Emission ControlEEEI - Effective Electron-Electron InteractionEER - Equilibrium Exchange RateEET - Excitation Energy TransferEG - Ethylene GlycolEGE - Ethylene Glycol EtherEGO - Exhaust Gas OxygenEGR - Entropy Gradient ReversalEGTA - Ethylene Glycol Tetraacetic AcidEHF - Extremely High FrequencyEIC - Electromagnetically-Induced ChiralityELF - Extremely Low FrequencyEM - ElectroMagneticEM - Elevated Moistu reEMA - Ethylene Methacrylic AcidEMF - ElectroMotive ForceEN - Ethylene NaphthalateEOF - ElectroOsmotic FlowEP - Ethylene PolypropyleneEPA - Environmental Protection AgencyEPD - End Point DilutionEPDM - Ethyl Propyl Diene MonomerEPH - Extractable Petroleum HydrocarbonsEPI - EPInephrineEq - EquivalentEr - ErbiumERW - Electrolyzed Reduced WaterEs - EinsteiniumES - Excited StateETOH - Ethyl AlcoholEu - EuropiumEV - Exceptional VacuumEVA - Ethylene Vinyl AcetateEVOH - Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol

Medical Genetic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Medical Genetic - Essay Example Offspring with diabetic father and those with diabetic mother show negligible difference in symptoms save for the high LDL-cholesterol identified in those with diabetic mothers. On the other hand, children with diabetic mothers have low hypertension prevalence than those with diabetic fathers. If II: 2 is heterozygous, her genotype will be Mm. III: 1 will be heterozygous in that situation. Looking at how diabetes fulfils the criteria in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY; 613370), Edghill et al. (2008) indicates heterozygosity transmission in a third generation family with three members affected. 7. Yes. Studying the historical nature of the Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the young, it is indicated that patients may not show symptoms of the disease and that diagnosis may be made only when they reach old age. This is because the onset of diabetes, whether, genetic like in this case can be inhibited by the youthful active nature. Youths are very physically active and this can possibly regulate the onset of diabetes. 8. This is a transverse reaction. The amino acids changed because there was a deletion of the TTC trinucleotide in there codons. This is a non-conservative substitution reaction whereby Gly 148 (GGG), which is considered normal, becomes Arg148 (AGG). 9. DNA replication may be affected by strand slippage or crossover events which are unequal. Repetitive sequences at the misalignments cause deletions and nucleotide addition to the molecules of DNA. During substitution, there will be 1 DNA molecule holding a deletion and one having an insertion. The events above occurs when the mismatch repair mechanism fails, failure of direct repair, and nucleotide-excision repair. 5. This is a Mendelian inheritance.For a trait to be Mendelian, the child that receives the allele that is dominant from either of the parent has to have the trait that is dominant in form. The possession of the phenotype that is recessive occurs only when

Advanced Nursing Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Advanced Nursing Role - Essay Example elly (2012) front line managers are responsible for patient care delivery, planning and monitoring resources, maintaining codes and standards and developing and evaluating staff. Middle-level managers facilitate cooperating in the organization by serving as a link between front line and upper-level managers. Upper-level managers are specialized in management and administration of the healthcare organization; by establishing goals and strategizing plans (p. 401). I agree that nurse managers and nurse administrators have supervisory tasks in an organization. Even though individuals sometimes regard a nurse administrator and nurse manager as one administration role, it should be noted that these two roles differ in responsibility and payment. Nurse Managers are responsible for a single unit within a medical facility, while a nurse administrator is responsible for more than one unit all units in a medical facility. Additionally, nurse managers fall under the category of middle management, while nurse administrators fall under executive level management (Crowther, 2008). In regard to educational level; nevertheless, they can possess a graduate degree as an added advantage; while nurse administrators require a graduate degree as well as clinical experience. Nurse Managers work directly with nurses who offer primary care to patients, giving guidance on the appropriate medical care, whereas nurse administrators work with middle-level managers and other senior staff, thereby providing indirect care to patients (Parker & Smith,

Culture and Education Essay Example for Free

Culture and Education Essay The institutions of education which are shaping the minds of todays youth do not all teach the same facts and curriculum. Throughout the world there are differing opinions on what, when, and how certain facts, theories, and concepts should be taught. Not all children are taught the same truths; this statement might sound unfair, or maybe incomprehensible. How, one may ask, could accepted truths not be taught as such; and what decides whether they will be or not? Cultural constructs such as norms, morals, and shared religious beliefs play a role in what education consists of and looks like for different groups of children all over the world. Let’s take a look at the common History class. When taking a History class in the United States you will most likely be learning U. S. History, and even if you take a World History class it will still focus on the U. S. and how it interacted with and impacted other countries. In Japan you would be learning Japanese History. However if you were to read through certain Japanese history text books you might be alarmed to find that Japan is portrayed not only as a victim instead of an aggressor in the context of WWII and that there is a lack of general information regarding their participation in the war all together. Largely in debate is the Nanking Massacre in which the Japanese allegedly systematically kill 300,000 people including both civilians and soldiers. There are two schools of thought, The Massacre Denial and The Massacre Affirmative. Japan’s culture is one of honor which makes it difficult for them to acknowledge their mistakes, and thus largely try to ignore the Nanking incident in a sort of sweep it under the rug fashion. In Japanese Universities many teachers will teach that while the event did happen the numbers were closer to 10,000 and included only soldiers while some classes do not cover the topic at all. In China they teach that it did in fact happen and claim the body count reached 300,000 or more. The effect of this difference in truths being taught is that in Japan younger generations do not view Japan as having been an aggressor in the war, and younger Chinese generations continue to view the Japanese as horrible people. Then there is Human Growth and Development / Sex Ed. While many believe it is a necessary section of what children learn in Health classes, some find it to go against their culture. In certain groups simply discussing opening a woman’s menstrual cycle or how a baby is made can be taboo. Not to mention once you start getting into discussions about birth control options and how to properly put on a condom all hell can break lose. To those whose culture forbids them from having premarital sex, these classes can seem obscene and worrisome in the sense that perhaps these classes will cause their children to commit these sins after acquiring knowledge about it. Then there are also cultures who simply think that school is not a place for these things to be covered, and that it is the parents’ responsibility to teach their children about them themselves. Another main concern is also when these things will be taught. I myself remember being taught about the changes that would happen to my body once I hit puberty starting around 4th grade in Human Growth and Development classes. It wasnt until high school that anyone really talked about sex, and ways to make it safe. Some people think that due to rates of teen pregnancy and the way these teen parents seem to be getting younger and younger, that it may be necessary to begin bringing up safe sex much earlier on. However, many people believe this would be overstepping many cultural boundaries. Either way schools almost always allow parents to remove children from these classes as they understand that these matters are viewed differently by different cultures. The way in which the Theory of Evolution is taught throughout the U. S. s another prime example of how cultural beliefs try and sometimes succeed in shaping educational curriculum. While throughout the science community the Theory of Evolution is greatly accepted as the reason behind animals and humans being the way they are today, the fashion in which it is taught to students throughout the United States varies from state to state. A map published in a 2002 issue of Scientific American which was based on data collected by Lawrence S. Lerner of California State University the map depicts the quality of coverage given to the Theory of Evolution in each states Science Standards. It shows that while in a little over half of the states the teaching of the theory is considered very good to satisfactory, a number of states, particularly several in the Bible Belt, an area of the Southern United States where the culture reflects the strongly conservative and Evangelical population which boasts higher church attendance than the countries average; there is â€Å"unsatisfactory, useless, or absent† coverage of the theory. The battle to allow for another theory to be taught instead of, or alongside Evolution is ongoing but has been approved in Kentucky as well as Tennessee. These states now teach Creationism/Creation Science, â€Å"A literal belief in the biblical account of Creation as it appears in the Book of Genesis. Creationists believe that the creation of the world and all its creatures took place in six calendar days; they therefore deny the theory of evolution. †() In areas of the U. S. where religion is not a large part of culture it is not likely for Creationism to be seen as something which should be taught in science classes, however is areas where the religious roots of a culture run deep the attempts such as these to control education are apparent. If one were to make a list of all things which are agreed upon by their culture to be truths and compared it to that of another’s there would undoubtedly be differences. While one would hope the majority of facts matched there will always be variations. This is reflected through the words of teachers and the knowledge of their students. Ones’ culture defines what education consists of and looks like for them, perhaps it seems unfair, but it is undeniably true. Not all children are taught the same truths.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Introduction Anatomy is scientific study of the structures of the body and their relationship with each other. Physiology is scientific study of the functions of the body and how their work together as systems. Anatomy study helps in understanding the human body part structures, and the physiology study helps to know the functions of those parts that help the organism in its action performance. The knowledge on the human physiology and anatomy forms the basis of all medicine. Without knowing how the body is made up, how it can go wrong and how it works, we cannot even picture the effective treatments. Most functions of the body are not voluntarily controlled, they occur deliberately to build, maintain and endure life. Learning physiology and anatomy means that we know the general basics of medicine where disease is abnormal structure (anatomy) or function (physiology) of the humans body cells, tissues, muscles and organs, and if you understand the normal function and structure it is easy to realize the source of the problem. This assignment will identify and describe functions of the main components of the digestive system; identify cell and tissue types; identify and describe the urinary system. The resources used to complete this assignment were tutor notes, Creative Training learners manual, Tucker L. An introductory guide to Anatomy Physiology, free multimedia resources and OpenStax College Anatomy Physiology.   Ã‚   Part A (i) Identify the parts of the digestive system on the diagram overleaf. (ii) Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above. (iii) Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body. The digestive system are system by which ingested food is acted upon by physical and chemical means to provide the body with absorbable nutrients and to excrete waste products; in animals the system includes the alimentary canal extending from the mouth to the anus, and the hormones and enzymes assisting in digestion. http://www.dictionary.com/ Digestion is important for processing food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The major functions of the digestive system are Ingestion Digestion Absorption Defecation. The organs of the digestive system can be divided in to Gastrointestinal tract includes: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Accessory organs includes: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver and pancreas (i) Identify the parts of the digestive system on the diagram overleaf. Smooth muscle- lining of the walls of gastrointestinal tract involuntary contracts and relaxes creating wave like contractions called peristalsis that helps to move food along gastrointestinal tract and helps to mix the substances. Segmentation contractions move Bolus (partialy digested food) in oesophagus. Every cell of the body needs nourishment, but most cells are immobile and their cant travel to source of food. Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before the blood absorbs them and transports them to the cells through the body. The digestive system breaks down nutrients from food and drink into carbohydrates, protein, fats, and vitamins. The functions of digestive system are: Ingestion- taking food in to gastrointestinal tract Propulsion- moves the substances along gastrointestinal tract (peristalsis segmentation) Digestion is divided into: 1) Mechanical breakdown of food (chewing segmentation) 2) Chemical breakdown of food by enzymes (very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions) produced by glands and accessory organs of the digestive system Absorption- process when digested food substances pass through walls of some organs of the gastrointestinal tract into bloodstream. Elimination- food substances which cannot be digested and absorbed are excreted as faeces. (ii) Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above. The gastrointestinal tract is the main system to breakdown and transforms food into microscopic substances that necessary to maintain body cells and tissues in different areas of the body. 1. The Mouth The first of the activities of the digestive system -ingestion starts when the food is taking into the alimentary canal trough to the mouth. There the food is chewed, teared and grinded by teeth. The Teeth:There normally are 32 teeth in adult mouth and there are 4 types of teeth. Each type of the teeth has their own function in the breakdown the food. Incisors- 4 in each jaw, sharp, narrow-edged teeth used for cutting and biting Canines- 2 in each jaw, between incisors and premolars, sharp, pointed teeth used to tear food Premolars- 4 in each jaw, blunt, broad teeth with two sharp ridges used to chew food Molars- 6 in each jaw, there are similar but larger than premolars, each has a four sharp ridges used to crash and chew food. The Tongue: Muscular organ with many taste buds and receptors. Responsible for the tastes: sweet, sour, bitter and salt. Tongue moves food from tooth to tooth forming starch with help of saliva. The Salivary Glands: There are three pairs salivary gland: the parotid gland, submandibular and the sublingual gland. Liquid called saliva is secreted from glands; it contains water, mucus and the enzyme- salivary amylase. The function of saliva is to lubricate food with mucus for swallowing. It also acts to keep the mouth and teeth clean and kill bacteria, because saliva contains lysozyme and antibodies and it starts digestive process on carbohydrates adding saliva to starch. Both types of digestion- mechanical and chemical, starts in the oral cavity. 2. The Oesophagus Oesophagus is hallowing muscular tube that leads from throat to the stomach. The epiglottis (a small flap that protects windpipe) prevents from choking. Food moves along oesophagus by peristalsis pushing the bolus forward to the stomach. The lining of the oesophagus secretes mucus to ease the passage of food.   

Alfred Lord Tennyson †The Charge Of The Light Brigade Essay

Discuss the poets’ different attitudes to war, as presented in The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure A more experienced poet known as Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote the Charge Of The Light Brigade. He was born in 1809 and died of old age in 1892. He wrote The Charge Of The Light Brigade in response to a Newspaper Report from the Times, which was written by W.H.Russel, so his understanding of the war was from second hand knowledge, he was removed from the action. Unlike Wilfred Owen, who wrote Exposure. Owen was born in 1893 and died at a very young age in 1918. The reason for his young death was, he was a participant in the war and died during battle, so his was writing from his own experiences. Although Owen was a less experienced writer, his poems only really became known after his death, as he had a less authorative voice. The main similarities between the two poems is that they are both writing about wars, however both wars are from a different time and so are fought in completely different ways. Tennyson wrote The Charge Of The Light Brigade about the Crimean war, which was originally between France and Russia but Britain joined because she worried about her security. The Crimean war was fought on horseback, which meant that it would be over fairly quickly. I think this because it would have been one charge, this battle would then have gone on until all the soldiers in one side were injured or dead. He was very far removed from the action, as he didn’t even witness the war, so his poem written is third hand. Where as Owen wrote Exposure from first hand experience. For these reasons I may be able to place more value on Wilfred Owen’s poem. The First World War was fought over several years and the soldiers spent a lot of that time in trenches. The mood, tone and language in each poem are completely different from the other. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade the mood is very light and gives the feeling that all the soldiers, were excited about what they were doing. This is helped by the fact that Tennyson doesn’t go into the atrocities of the war, instead writing of â€Å"When horse and hero fell†. Here he is basically saying that they have been shot down, but the way Tennyson puts it, it’s like it’s not that dramatic, when it is. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade it doesn’t really distinguish those soldiers that died in battle and those that lived, â€Å"Then they rode back, but not the six hundred†. This is what I think plays a big part in making the mood of the poem so light, as it avoids death, which is upsetting. Where as in Exposure the mood is very depressing and dismal as Owen is constantly saying how the soldiers were being attacked in different ways. He mentions the weather attacking them, which can be seen from â€Å"in the merciless iced winds that knive us†. As well as things like the barbed wire in front of the enemies trenches, â€Å"Like twitching agonies of men amongst its brambles†. However the poem doesn’t mention soldiers attacking them, which may indicate that the weather and other things were more threatening and chilling, then the enemy. In Exposure Owen speaks of the soldiers’ pain and this is what I think makes the poem so disheartening to read, because he is trying to show how war causes suffering and reduces the soldiers. Unlike Tennyson who is trying to honour and glorify the soldiers and so making the poem seem more pleasant. However in some ways the poems are similar as the language used indicates that poets generalise and universalise all the men in the war. The Charge Of The Light Brigade is a lot more structured then Exposure. This is because in Tennyson’s poem he talks about the different stages of the battle, where as Owen doesn’t really mention battle, it’s more about the soldiers’ suffering. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson goes through each stage of the battle, within each individual stanza. So in the first stanza the soldiers have been ordered to start their charge. The second stanza is quite an important part of the poem, as we discover that the soldiers had been given the wrong order. However because they are so disciplined and loyal to their country, no one questions it. Tennyson is trying to glorify and honour the soldiers so he simply says, â€Å"Not though soldiers knew, someone had blundered†. In the third stanza the soldiers are in range of the enemy’s guns and in stanza four, the soldiers are forced to turn back because so many men have been killed. Even though at this point the British soldiers are being defeated Tennyson emphasises their bravery. That takes the readers attention off the fact that they are losing so badly. An example of this is, â€Å"Sabring the gunners there†. The word sabring has been used very cleverly as it gives the reader the impression that the British soldiers were hacking away at the Russians, because Tennyson was writing the poem to honour The Light Brigade. In stanza five the British soldiers are still not out of danger despite turning back, as more Russians have come in behind them, so even more soldiers get killed. Stanza six is simply Tennyson reflecting on their bravery. In Exposure there isn’t such an obvious structure. In stanza one Owen talks about the soldiers being attacked by the weather and in stanza two they are being attacked by the enemy’s barbed wire and it goes on like this. The weather is continually being described in different ways, one very effective way is when Owen uses alliteration, † Dawn massing in the East her melancholy army†. There is no real progression to the poem because it mirrors what is going on in the war, as they are stuck in trenches. The rhythm in each poem is completely different form the other. The Charge Of The Light Brigade has a very lively and energetic feel to it, this is due to its incredibly fast pace. In contrast Exposure has a very slow rhythm like the progress of the war. However in the third stanza there is a change in pace and it picks up just a little bit. This is due to the rhythm sounding like the bullets being described in the stanza, â€Å"Sudden successive bullets streak the silence† like the shells being shot in The Charge Of The Light Brigade. But the pace returns to its gloomy rhythm in the next stanza. In The charge Of The Light Brigade the rhythm of the poem sounds very much like the rhythm the galloping horses would make, this can be seen from â€Å"Half a league, half a league onward, all in the valley of death rode the six hundred†. I also think that the discipline of the British soldiers shows in the discipline of the rhythm. Each poem gives a completely different image of war, because they were written for different purposes and from different points of view. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson uses a lot of similes and metaphors to create tension in the poem. He also uses similes to give the reader a better image of the battle and to show how heroic the soldiers were. Where as in Exposure Owen uses similes and metaphors to show how much the soldiers around him have been reduced, and the only thing they have to keep them going is happy memories. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade the first noticeable and most repeated image is â€Å"All in the valley of death†. I think that Tennyson choose to describe the charge like this because death is a very moving word. The word â€Å"all† unites the soldiers and due to the image of the extreme danger, given by the word death, shows the soldiers bravery, it also gives the idea of a big sacrifice. Not only do we get the feeling of danger, but Tennyson also discreetly describes sounds, through the use of onomatopoeia, â€Å"Volleyed and thundered†. I think that this is really clever, as it adds realism to the poem. When Tennyson uses alliteration, the words he uses sound like the hissing of the artillery on the battlefield. An example of this is â€Å"Stormed at with shot and shell†. Tennyson uses euphemism to describe the British soldiers killing the enemy; he uses words like â€Å"flashed† and â€Å"sabring†. The British soldiers are basically killing people, but the way Tennyson describes it, it’s as if they are doing it elegantly and almost gracefully. All of these images give the main picture that the war was glorious. The reason we get this image of the war is because Tennyson hides the realities behind euphemism, unlike Owen who shows the war for what it really is. Right from the first word â€Å"our† we immediately know that it has been written from the point of view of the narrator. Owen gives a very chilling image to the war because he has experienced it, he can say what he has seen and felt. The use of personification shows how the soldiers looked on the outside: â€Å"Attacks once more in ranks, on ranks of shivering grey†. Here Owen is talking about the weather attacking the soldiers, because the soldiers looked so grey and dull. Owen also adds â€Å"shivering† to the sentence, which could show that not only were they shivering because they were cold, but because they feel cold in their hearts like they’ve been forgotten. Owen uses alliteration to emphasise that the men have no luxuries, unlike Tennyson who used alliteration to show the excitement of the war. In Exposure the uses of alliteration gives the reader the image that it’s as if the weather is trying to find them to put them through more distress, this can be seen from â€Å"Pale flakes with fingering stealth come feeling for our faces†. However I think Owen saves the most moving image for the end, unlike Tennyson who reflects on the heroism of the men during the battle, Owen shows just how terrible it is. In the final stanza Owen creates a very strong image, â€Å"Pause over half-known faces. All their eyes are iced†. To begin with it seems as though Owen is talking about the dead soldiers eyes being iced, because they are dead, but he is also talking about all the soldiers who are still alive and have to look at them. Owen is saying that in order to cope with what the soldiers have to face out in the trenches their eyes have also iced over, as they have no feeling any more. In Exposure we get the impression that it is probably easier to be dead, as you have gone to a better place and the pain and suffering stops, as soon as your spirit leaves your body. When I read Charge Of The Light Brigade I didn’t feel very much inside, because the images that were given through the use of personification and other things were glorious. In Exposure the image seemed very real, because the poet was really writing from the heart and it made me feel quiet and lonely inside. Exposure and The Charge Of The Light Brigade both use repetition to show the reader that there have been casualties in the war. In The Charge Of The light Brigade different words are repeated to highlight different things. To emphasise the courage of the charge Tennyson repeats, â€Å"Forward, the light brigade† and â€Å"The valley of death†, which gives the idea that there is no turning back. In stanza two, three lines begin with â€Å"their†. This is used to show the discipline of the soldiers, that not one of them is questioning the wrong order. At the end of the first three stanzas Tennyson is still repeating, â€Å"Rode the six hundred†, this use of repetition gives the idea that the soldiers are still alive. However the final line of stanza four, â€Å"Not the six hundred† shows that not all the soldiers were going to come back from the valley of death. In stanza five some of the lines from stanza three are repeated, â€Å"Cannon to the right of them†, this gives the idea that even though they are on their way back the danger still surrounds them. At the end of stanza five Tennyson has said, â€Å"Left of six hundred†. He is still repeating â€Å"six hundred†, but has changed the words in front of it, to give the idea that the number of losses was more then the number of survivors. Exposure doesn’t have has much repetition in as The Charge Of The Light Brigade, but it too has the majority of its repetition at the end of each stanza. The repetition of â€Å"But nothing happens† in three of the stanzas and the final stanza, give the image that the soldiers are almost waiting to die. The use of repetition in this ways indicates that they feel forgotten, because they have gone out to the trenches to do a job, and they are unable to do that job properly. In stanzas five, six and seven Owen repeats, â€Å"dying† at the end of each stanza. By doing this I get the impression that not only are the soldiers dieing because they are being attacked, but their spirits are dying as well as their love for things, it’s like they have lost themselves in the strong winds that surround them. So in both poems the use of repetition sums up the casualties of war, in Exposure they are shown in a more harsh way, then in The Charge Of The Light Brigade. Both poems are completely different in the way they portray the war, in that Exposure uses realism and The Charge Of The Light Brigade uses euphemism. The reason for there being such a lot of euphemism in The Charge Of The Light Brigade is because Tennyson wants to praise the soldiers. He also uses euphemism to hide behind the grim realities of life. A very good example of euphemism in the poem is, â€Å"Sabring the gunners there†. It is basically saying that the British soldiers were hacking away and killing the enemy, but it isn’t described like that because the aim of Tennyson’s poem was to honour the soldiers. The word â€Å"sabring† makes the British soldiers sounds elegant and sophisticated, as if they aren’t doing anything wrong. So in order to honour the Light Brigade Tennyson hides behind euphemism. In contrast Owen uses realism in his poem because he wants to show war for what it really is. In everything he says he is very blunt and relates even the simplest things to every day horrors. By using realism Owen shows the reader that the only thing the soldiers have to keep them going are memories, an example of this is, â€Å"Slowly our ghosts drag home: glimpsing the sunk fires glozed†. This emphasises that the soldiers have no luxuries and how now they take nothing for granted, because they now realise it isn’t always going to be there for them. The reason for The Charge Of The light Brigade using euphemism and Exposure using realism, is because each writer is trying to give a different image of the war, for different reasons using these methods. In conclusion both poems appear to be very similar when I first looked at them, however the only thing they have in common is that they are both about wars. The reason they only have this in common is for two reasons. The first reason is that both wars were completely different types of wars. The second reason and the most important, is that the writers show different attitudes towards war. In Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson wrote the poem to honour and glorify the soldiers that fought in the war. So the way he presents the poem, it’s as if Tennyson is saying that war is good thing to part of. I think the other reason for him putting such a positive image on the war was because he didn’t fight in it, therefore there are no feelings included in his poem. So because Tennyson approves of the soldiers loyalty there are no signs of irony. Where as in Exposure Owen, who fought in the war, is able to include feelings. Due to having such a horrible time in the trenches, these feelings are sad and seem painful, putting war in a completely different light. Unlike Owen, Tennyson believed that no good could come from war, and although Owen is against war Exposure isn’t an anti-war poem. However the one attitude that both writers show in their poems, is that you have to fight sometimes to preserve what is good.

And of Clay Are We Created

In And of Clay are We Created, the author uses Acuzena to show Rolf how they are alike, and show how everyone has their own clay they are buried in. The author, Isabel Allende, wrote this story after seeing an event similar to this on the news in 1985. In the story, when Rolf finds Acuzena trapped in clay, he sees a lot more. This girl is trapped with no way out. No hope. All he needs is a pump to rescue her but no one will bring one. It makes him see himself in her, trapped in memories, trapped in the past.We are all buried by something. Rolf was buried by memories of the war and what it did to his family, the rage of his father, and his guilt for the death of his sister. Everyone has things of the past that keep us from moving on, the way that Acuzena was held by the bodies of her brothers and sisters, which kept her from being pulled out of the quagmire. The author was trying to show us how in life, there will always be avalanches. We are just responsible for the way we deal with them.The title, And of Clay are We Created, means that we all will have experiences throughout life, but we have the ability to be transformed from it. It can also be a spiritual reference to God creating from clay and then they ended covered in clay. The story really shows how someone can go their whole life hiding from something that they will never escape from until they dig in and climb out. It also shows how Rolf thought that he had left his past behind, but it resurfaced in this experience. He had to come to realize that his only way out of this was to accept death as Acuzena did in the end.

Write Your Dissertation Like an Expert!

Write Your Dissertation Like an Expert! Dissertations: What You Have to Know Dissertations are a stressful and tough task to do. But they are manageable, just like other types of academic writing. So stop stressing out. Your committee will feel the insecurity like a shark, and you have to convince them you’ve written an awesome work. But how to do that? These tips may help. You should write strongly and confidently. Use active constructions and reword the sentences to avoid excessive passive voice usage. Also, it is often recommended to stay away from vague wordings. You should place words like ‘mostly’, ‘probably’, etc. with caution. However, do not be arrogant. Write in a respectful tone. Write inside-out. You might find it helpful to write your dissertation inside-out starting from the chapters that hold the main part of you research and then framing them with the sections like introductions and the list of sources. Add abstract. An abstract is a valuable piece of writing. It is a short summary of your work which can give the reader a basic idea of what your dissertation is about. What else to remember You have to make sure you place all the parts of your writing as they are required to be. Most of the dissertations include an introduction, several body chapters, an abstract and other parts. There are other options, as well. Also, it is important to plan your time as you write. This will allow you to make it without a rush and devote as much attention as needed to every stage of work. You have an awesome chance to reach high quality of writing, so do not waste it due to poor time management. The more you read on dissertations, the better your result will be, so do your research before you prepare to work. You have all it takes to make an amazing work, and we believe you can reach the highest results, so time to get ready for it! Go deliberate about your writing preferences and the things you’d like to deliver to the public. Do you know what time it is? It’s time to write an awesome dissertation and present it in order to get a degree you’ve been dreaming of! We hope you do it. Concentrate, plan, and get down to writing.

War essays

War essays The Frequency of Armed International Conflict In the 20th Century In 1962 there was a conflict between three nations so grim their actions could have affected the entire world. The Cuban missile crisis of 1962 was a very tense moment in history; these nations were almost at the brink of nuclear warfare. This is one of many armed international conflicts in the 20th century. Another name more commonly recognized for these conflicts is war, which means disputes between two governments or more. What causes nations to fight amongst each other threatening lives and risking their own as well? The immediate causes behind armed international conflicts are land ...

Bartleby the scrivener Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bartleby the scrivener - Essay Example Melvilles 1853 story employs food and nourishment as visual imagery to portray the ability to relate to others that we have learned as children from our own nurturing parents. The tale revolves around a sad and out of place scribe that comes to work for the narrator. Bartleby, the scribe, begins with much industry, but soon takes to idleness as he prefers to do less and less as the story progresses. The narrator, who owns the law firm and is Bartlebys employer, is taken aback and frustrated by any attempt to get Bartleby to fulfil his obligations as a scribe. The other three characters in the owners employ are far more critical of Bartlebys preference not to work than the compassionate owner is. The narrator, refusing to cause Bartleby undue legal problems, eventually evacuates his office and leaves the odd scrivener behind. Melville has aptly named two of the office scribes after food. Turkey is an older gentleman given to drink at lunch and becoming excitable and moody in the afternoon. Ginger Nut is the young apprentice who was placed in the owners hire at the age of twelve when his father died. The third scribe, Nippers, was a young man "... whiskered, sallow, and, upon the whole, rather piratical-looking young man ... the victim of two evil powers--ambition and indigestion". Melville describes the temperament of each character through the study of their eating habits or lack of them. Bartleby did not eat except for the occasional ginger-nut cookie delivered by Ginger Nut. Likewise he had no contact with anyone and no relationships outside the office. In the office his interaction with the characters is sparse and passively resistant. He denies himself food just like he foregoes any human contact. Melville does not allow us to know anything about Bartleby, or his past, as he states, "I observed that he never went to dinner". We are told that he may not have any human traits at all as the narrator continues, "... never eats a dinner, properly

Guildford Coffee shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Guildford Coffee shop - Essay Example (Rickgoossen-makegood.com, 2009) What stimulated such action is a trend towards such products in the UK. Consumers not only care about the products now, but they are very much sensitive to a corporate image that a company carries. Such as being part of fair-trade purchases and network. Coffee is one of the largest and widely consumed fair-trade products in Europe. It was only past 10 years that consumer demand helped the fair-trade coffee brand reach shelves of supermarkets and other brands. Over 55% of consumers in the UK say that they are not just consumers but they are ethical consumers of products(Nicholls, 2002) With all the above trends it seems a right time to open a fair-trade coffee shop in Guilford Surrey. The city currently has Starbucks which specifically sells fair-trade coffee. There is surely a market out there that has not been served. The distribution channels of fair-trade coffee have emerged in the past 10 years as well. Across Europe it is sold in over 35,000 supermarkets, imported by 100’s, served by many corporations and universities and EU government offices. (Raynolds, 2002) The distribution channel recommended to purchase the coffee for the coffee shop is through Fair-trade Foundation UK. The foundation recommends many retailers, and importers of fair-trade coffee. The recommended channel is going through importer of coffee in the UK rather than retail store as it will be a cheaper option. Going through the recommended importer from fair-trade foundation UK will also help coffee shop get the certification of fair-trade coffee seller by Fair-trade Label Organization

Midterm Policy Paper 8 pages double spaced Essay

Midterm Policy Paper 8 pages double spaced - Essay Example In 1789 the War Department was formed, which centuries later would come to be recognized as the Department of Defense. The Coast Guard which is a section of the Homeland security was later on to be established a year after the establishment of the war Department. In 1947, a decision was undertaken with the sole aim of unifying the various Departments under one roof. This decision led to the formation of the National Military Establishment in the same year. The National Military Establishment replaced the existing War Department at the time, as the war department was transformed to the Department of the Army. In this same year, there was an establishment of the U.S Air Force as it was followed by the creation of the Department of Air Force. Finally, with the senate’s approval and confirmation the existing three military branches of the army that included; the Air Force, the Army and the Navy were delegated under one person, the secretary of Defense who had direct control over t hem. In 1949, there was an amendment undertaken upon the National Security act that advanced one-step ahead by consolidating the national defense structure in a way that the cabinet-level status possessed by the three service secretaries was withdrawn from them. Later on the name National Military Establishment was to be converted and renamed as Department of Defense (U.S. ... This department is said to have evolved with the country as its roots can be traced back in pre-revolutionary times. In modern times, the Department of Defense is headed by Roberts Gates the secretary of Defense. In addition to this, the Department of Defense boosts over 1.4 million work forces under active duty. This department has earned the title of being the largest employer in America. The headquarters of the Department of Defense is based in Pentagon building (U.S. Department of Defense Para 2, 3, & 4). The major mission of the Department of Defense is to ensure that there is provision of military forces required for the sole purpose of deterring a war and above all to offers protection to the security of America. The Department also offers crucial and timely information on matters pertaining to defense policies operations, functions and organizations. Robert Gates History Dr. Robert M. Gates history within the American government circles is vast as the current government is ei ghth in number among the numerous governments he has served. Dr. Gates was sworn in as the 22nd Secretary of Defense in 18th of December 2006. His continued stay in office has earned him a record as the only secretary of Defense in American history to remain in office upon the prerogative of the newly elected president. Before his appointment in his present post, Dr. Gates was the president of the nation’s seventh largest University, the Texas A&M University. Before assuming his role as the president of the Texas A&M University on August 1st 2002, Dr. Gates was an interim Dean of the George Bush School of Government and Public Service from 1999 to 2001 in Texas A&M. Dr. Gates involvement with the Central Intelligence

Essay on Psychopathology and Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Essay on Psychopathology and Abnormal Psychology Essay One of the most controversial aspects of society throughout history can be seen in the way society views people with illnesses. Often times, people persecute their fellowmen just because they do not seem â€Å"normal† or they seem to â€Å"not belong† with the current society. These problems have led to the development of a branch of psychology which aimed to look at the causes and other related information that formed these mental illnesses. This branch of psychology came to be known as abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology is that segment of the field which studies mental illnesses and abnormal behavior. The field covers problems such as depression, obsession, and even sexual deviation. The field also traced the symptoms, etiology, effects, and how these illnesses are maintained. Before we study abnormal psychology though, we must first look into what people see as abnormal. Historically, many of the earliest civilizations attribute mental disorders and illnesses as manifestations of evil spirits; some even have practices which remove parts of the skull using primitive tools as a means of releasing these evil spirits. As time progressed though, people such as priests, shamans, and witch doctors have been employed to supposedly rid these individuals of the â€Å"malicious† spirits which inhabit their bodies. During the times of the Greeks and the Romans, diagnosing and identifying mental illnesses have become more scientific. However, during this period, mystical and supernatural explanations still prevail over the ideas of modern science. One example is Homer, according to him, mental illnesses are caused by God, taking away the minds of the victims. It is not until Hippocrates wrote numerous accounts, journals, essays, papers and other scholarly work that made the study more scientific. In his papers, Hippocrates wrote about things such as psychosis, mania, phobias, and paranoia. His theory, however, still is flawed because he attributed the illnesses to four fluids in the human body: black and yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. During the middle ages, more horrifying and disturbing accounts were given, According to studies, during this period, people with mental illnesses were classified as witches, and they were â€Å"hunted† so as to rid them of the physical world. It was further justified by the writing of the Malleus Malifacarum (Withc’s Hammer) in 1486. In 1563, a person by the name of Jahann Weyer wrote a book called De Praestigiis Daemonum (The Deception of Demons). The book discredited the beliefs that demons were the culprits in mental illnesses and instead brought out the point that natural causes may indeed result in abnormal behavior. He also looked at the possibility of the use of drugs as sparks which caused these said disorders. With his work, the study of mental abnormalities became more humanitarian and started to look for treatment, rather than damnation, for its victims. In 1769, Benjamin Rush, a professors of chemistry and medicine at the college of Philadelphia became the father of American psychiatry. He instituted reform by putting into action several changes such as better ventilation, separation and classification of violent and non-violent patients, and created programs for recreation catering to the patients who suffer from mental illness. By 1880, Dorthea Dix, a schoolteacher from Boston started a campaign which led to the opening of 32 psychiatric hospitals which prioritized the poor and the needy. Several other prominent people paved the way for the contemporary notion of psychopathology. Emil Kraeplin was the one who introduced to society different classifications of mental disorders. This led the way to a closer relationship between medicine and psychiatry. The classification focused on two important groups – the praecox or what is no known as the schizophrenics, and the manic-depressive psychopaths. He believed that these illnesses were caused by chemical imbalance and irregularities in other aspects of the person such as one’s metabolism. Another important person which helped develop the field of study was Clifford Beers. Beers himself suffered a mental breakdown but was able to overcome it. Upon his recovery, he wrote a book which he titled A Mind That Found Itself. Beers and his book were responsible for the foundation of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, a branch of government which worked to prevent illnesses as well as make sure that any treatment conducted is classified as humane. Today, abnormal psychology focuses on the 4 D’s, these are distress, dysfunction, deviance, and danger. One should note though, that these 4 d’s are seen as judgments, not objective behavior. First of all is dysfunction. Dysfunction is defined as a difficult or abnormal function. In psychology, one of the most popular diseases caused by a dysfunction of the brain is schizophrenia. This disorder is caused by enlarged ventricles, reduced blood flow to the frontal lobe, and an excess of dopamine. Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder that is characterized by people who talk to themselves, yell at someone else which seem imaginary, and other symptoms. Another aspect of the psychopathology is distress. Distress in psychology can lead to numerous diseases, most popular of which are anorexia and bulimia. Often times, people who develop these conditions see it as a way of coping with negative emotions or painful feelings. Traumatic events in a person’s life may also trigger disorders in eating. Danger results in one of the most overlooked psychological disorder in an individual. Often times, notions of fear will develop into anxiety. Anxiety, unlike normal fear, can be characterized by four inherent characteristics. First of all, it is defined by a specific target; secondly, anxiety is experienced in response to the target of fear; third, the target feared by the individual is avoided; and finally anxiety tends to be more chronic. One of the most interesting in the 4 d’s is deviance. We might see something as deviant behavior, but we do not know is that this deviant behavior for us is the deviant’s â€Å"normal† function. This is why this is the most blurred classification out of all of the things that we characterize as abnormal. From here, there are three important viewpoints which look at mental disorders and their causes. These three models are the biological, psychosocial, and the socio-cultural models. First of all, the biological model looks at the brain as the cause of the abnormal behavior. According to proponents of this model, mental disorders are caused by the different chemical imbalances in the brain, and as such, leads to the difference in a person’s behavior. The socio-cultural approach looks at the role that society plays with regards to human behavior. According to its proponents, society and culture play a major role in determining if an individual will be labeled as â€Å"mentally ill† or has a mental disorder. Often times, this is where social deviance is seen; this is due to the idea that one is deviant for a culture may be the norms of the other. Finally, the psychosocial approach looks at underlying influences which are often times unconscious. This approach looks at the childhood and past experiences of the victim. Proponents of this approach are Sigmund Freud and Josef Brener. The approach theorizes that the disorder occurs when the individual becomes â€Å"fixated† to the stage wherein the negative experience has occurred. Looking at these evolutions in the field of abnormal psychology, it becomes positive enough that the approach, which was more of spiritual during earlier times, transforms itself into a more rational field of study. More importantly, these approaches lead us not to discriminate people with these disorders, but rather try to understand them and help them get better. Bibliography Abnormal Psychology. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www. blackwellpublishing. com/intropsych/pdf/chapter15. pdf What is Abnormal Psychology? About. com. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://psychology. about. com/od/glossaryfromatoz/g/abnormalpsyc. htm Harris, Kevin. History of Abnormal Psychology. History of Psychology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www3. niu. edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/mainsheet. htm Bickard, Mark. The Nature of Psychopathology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www. lehigh. edu/~mhb0/psychopath. html

Multiple Personalities: Do They Really Exist :: essays research papers

Multiple Personalities: Do They Really Exist Multiple personalities- the existence of two or more distinct personalities or personality states within one person. In actuality, up to ten or even more personalities can coexist within one person, some documented cases have revealed over one hundred. But, the question remains, what exactly is the multiple personality disorder (MPD)? First I will look at what exactly the disorder is. It is, in simple terms, many complex personalities all inhabiting the same body. At any given time, one of those personalities is in control of the body. Each one has different tastes, style, thought process, and many other things that define a person. However, research has proven even more than that. In clinical studies it has been found that of the different personalities of one person, the eye prescription, allergies, athletic ability, and even diabetes can exist in one of the personalities and not the others. The person can switch at any given time from one personality to another, often not realizing it. This can account for memory loss and time loss in the primary personality, who often does not have access to the memories of the other personalities. A common misconception among the general public is the confusion of MPD with the disease of schizophrenia. Schizophrenics do NOT have distinct personalities, rather, they have hallucinations of voices outside their heads. Schizophrenia is caused by brain malfunctions and can be treated with drugs, whereas suffers of MPD cannot because MPD is an almost purely psychological disorder. MPD seems to be caused mainly by incredibly violent and terrible childhood abuse. In fact, about 98% of MPD sufferers were abused as children. The disorder also occurs between three to nine times more in women than men, the person being abused creates other personalities to handle the pain. In the case of a man named Milligan, his father beat him and sexually abused him. Then he forced the boy to dig his own grave, burying him alive with only a stove pipe to breath through. Then the father urinated into the pipe onto the boy's face. With that kind of abuse, you either go crazy, die, or develop other personalities. That is why, in many people with MPD, there are agitated and distracted child personalities. These personalities were created in order to suffer the pain of abuse. When the abuse was over, their call was no longer needed and the primary personality could resume control, dropping with that second personality all memory of the event and continuing as if nothing happened. This type of personality exists in almost all MPD sufferers. Another common personality is the

African American Studies Notes Essay

1. Discuss the four basic thrusts of the student movement which led to the founding of Black Studies * The Civil Rights Movement (1960) * Break down the barriers of legal separation in public accommodations * Achieve equality and justice for Blacks * Organize Blacks into a self-conscious social force capable of defining, defending and advancing their interests * SNCC emerged as a vanguard group in the CR struggle. * Mobilized, organized and politicized thousands of Black students * Politicized many White students and their leaders through recruiting and training them and bringing them to the South to work in the struggle * The Free Speech Movement (UC Berkeley, 1964) * White student protest against the rigid, restrictive and unresponsive character of the university * Demand for civil rights on campus. * The Anti-Vietnam War Movement (1965) * General student protest against the Vietnam war and university complicity in it through its cooperation with the government in recruitment and research and development programs * Launched by new leftists, especially the Students for a Democratic Society * SNCC, Us, the Congress of Racial Equality participated * Based on opposition to: * The threat the draft posed to Blacks and other males of color not covered by student deferment and especially vulnerable in the South * The government’s war against Third World liberation movements and peoples in general and Vietnam in particular * Fighting an unjust war for a nation depriving Blacks of basic and human rights * The Black Power Movement (1965) * Led to direct establishment of Black Studies * The Watts Revolt in Los Angeles. * Ushered in a new dialog about relations of power in society and the university, the pervasive character of racism, and the need for struggle to overturn the establish order and create a more just society * Stressed the importance of self-determination, need for power, relevant education, cultural grounding, studying and recovering African culture * Organizations stressed the need for the university and society to recognize the diverse cultures of the U. S. * Called on students to engage in struggle in the classrooms, on campus in general and in society to improve life of African people and society itself 2. Discuss the emergence of Black Studies at SFSU * It began in 1966 * Led by black students * It was the rising tide of the black power movement and reflected its sense of social mission and urgency * Black students at SFSC and other campuses responded to the national activism of the Black Power Movement and the Watts Revolt. * 1966 changed their name to Black Student Union (BSU) to indicate a new identity and direction. * Black students developed a black arts an culture series * BSU demanded a legitimate Black Studies Department funded by the college and controlled by black people brought stiff resistance * BSU also demanded special admissions programs for a given number of black studies but it was also resisted. 3. Identify the major groups involved and the contribution of Dr. Nathan Hare * In 1968, Dr. Hare, an author and former professor, was appointed to be coordinator of Black Studies * He was given the task to formulate an autonomous Black Studies Department * He was fired from Howard University for his activism in support of students and the struggle of â€Å"relevant education† * He continued to stress on â€Å"relevant education† when he came to SFSU * By April 1968, Hare had completed his proposal and a program for special admission for Black students * The board of trustees continually delayed implementation of the program and it is this which led to the student’s strike * The university was shut down. * Eventually the students won the strike, which ended march 1969 * San Francisco State (SFSU) became the first institution of education to establish a Black Studies program and department. * GROUPS INVOLVED: Black Power Movement, Civil Rights Movement, Free Speech Movement, Anti-Vietnam War Movement 4. What were the early academic and political concerns of the advocates of Black Studies * Academic 1) concerned with traditional white studies. White studies was seen as inadequate and a distortion of the lives and culture of African people. White studies posed whites as the exemplary model for everyone, was seen as Eurocentric. 2) White studies was also seen as resistant to change which was necessary for relevant education. Black Studies argued for the need to teach Black Studies from a black frame of mind. This later became known as Afrocentric perspective. * Political 1) concerned with the low number of blacks on campus, which was seen as racist exclusion to maintain a white monopoly. So it was demanded that special admission and recruitment efforts were made to solve this problem. 2) Concerned with the treatment of racism. Sought out to make blacks respected and politically involved on campus. 3) Concerned with social problems of the black community and how black students and black studies could address and solve them. 5. What were the early objectives of Black Studies * To teach the Black experience in all its variedness and with special attention to history, culture, and current issues. * Black Studies assemble and create a body of knowledge that contributed to intellectual and political emancipation. (Developing an intellectual and dependent mind and using that knowledge in the interest of Black and human freedom). * Create intellectuals who were dedicated to community service and stressed the importance for Black intellectuals who were conscious, capable, and committed to Black liberation and a higher level of human life. * To nurture, maintain, and continue expansion of an equally beneficial relationship between the campus and the community. Dr. Nathan Hare â€Å" We must bring community to the campus and the campus to the community†. * To establish and confirm its position in the academy as a discipline essential to the educational project and to any real conception of a quality education. (Both an academic and political challenge). Chapter Two Study Questions 4. Discuss the emergence of the Afrocentric initiative and Molefi Asante’s founding role in it. * Emerging in the late 70s and finding its theoretical foundation in a work by Molefi Asante titled Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change and published in 1980 * Asante introduced Afrocentricity as the indispensable perspective of the Black Studies project and initiated a wide-ranging discourse which had both academic and social implications and consequences * Asante energized Black Studies discourse and gave a fresh and added thrust to the pursuit of new research directions in Black Studies with his insistence on African location or centeredness, African agency, and an African frame of reference in research and methodology and intellectual production * He became a much sought after lecturer and commentator * He defines Afrocentrism as a term used to negate and miscast Afrocentricity by its opponents 5. What does multiculturalism and pluralism have in common? * Multiculturalism can be defined as thought and practice organized around respect for human diversity * Expression in four basic ways: * Mutual respect for each people and culture as a unique and equally valuable way of being human in the world * Mutual respect for each people’s right and responsibility to speak their own special cultural truth and make their own unique contribution to society and the world * Mutual commitment to the constant search for common ground in the midst of our diversity * Mutual commitment to an ethics of sharing in order to build the world we all want and deserve to live in * Pluralism * Based on exceptional values as determined by the host of society Chapter Four Studying Questions 1. What arguments does Van Sertima make to prove African presence in Olmec civilization? * Unearthed evidence like more Olmec heads, especially one at tres zapotes showing Ethiopian type braids; more clay sculptures of African types which reflect the coloration and texture of African hair; reaffirmation of skeletal evidence; new evidence from ancient maps; new comparisons of African and south African pyramids; and further discussion on dating of the voyages. 2. What are some basic misconceptions about the holocaust of enslavement? Discuss its impact. * The enslavement was not a â€Å"trade† but instead the whole process by which captives were obtained on African soil was through warfare, trickery, banditry and kidnapping. * Europeans blame Arabs and Africans for participation in the process of enslavement, however they were always the ones benefitting from it. Basically, what looked like an Arab-controlled â€Å"trade† was in fact a European dominated â€Å"trade† with Europeans using Arabs as middlemen. * Although some Africans enslaved others, it was a part of their culture and they were able to be civil with the rest of society. * Impact: depopulation through mass murder, societal disruption/destruction, forced transfer of populations, caused loss of youth and skilled personnel, thus affected scientific, technological and cultural progress of africs. Economic destruction. 3. What was the basis for enslavement and some of its basic aspects? * Based on brutality, cultural genocide, and machinery of control. * Brutality: physical, psychological, sexual * Cultural genocide: destruction of political identities and ethnic units, families, cultural leaders, the outlawing of African languages. * Machinery of control: involved five mechanisms of control- laws, coercive bodies, the church, politically divisive strategies, plantation punishments * 4. List and discuss the major forms of resistance to enslavement * Day-to-day resistance: daily refusal and challenge with which Africans confronted the enslavement system. Included sabotage, breaking tools, destroying crops etc. * Abolitionism (underground railroad). * Emigrationism: the push to emigrate back to Africa or go elsewhere where Africans could be free. * Armed resistance: revolts, ship mutinies, etc. * Cultural resistance: used culture to inspire and maintain one’s humanity through dances, moral narratives, music etc. 5. What were some of the basic reasons for the failure of reconstruction? * White terrorist societies intensified. Ex: ku klux klan * Congress did not give blacks the support they needed and they were essentially reintegrated back into the southern economy under semi-enslaved conditions as sharecroppers. * â€Å"Black codes† (segregation and discrimination) and they didn’t receive land, forcing them back to the plantation. * Supreme court’s benefit through rulings favorable to the south * The Hayes-Tilden compromise in 1877- president hayes granted south federal troop withdrawal, leaving blacks to fend for themselves in racist society 6. What were some of the reasons for the great migration? * To escape the racist south * Wanted to escape crop failures, natural disasters like floods in the south * Growth of industry in the north, labor demands due to WWI * No more immigration from Europe, therefore no more unskilled laborers and domestic servants * The north promised blacks greater opportunities- recruited them 7. What were some of the major organizations founded to struggle against injustice in the early 1900s? Discuss the black womens club movement. * Rose out of African cultural traditions which stressed responsibility to family and community which led to free black women and men establishing numerous mutual aid societies during enslavement * Founded first national conference of the colored women of America which established the national association of colored women * Also the Niagra movement, the NAACP and the urban league 8. Identify the major groups and leaders of the 60s * Booker T. Washington: â€Å"major black leader of his time† * W. E. B. DuBois: white activist-scholar * Marcus Garvey: pan-africanist dedicated to building a nation-state in Africa * Ida B. Wells-Barnett: journalist, organizer, lecturer and teacher 9. What are some major challenges and achievements of the 70s, 80s and 90s? * 70s: 1. Challenges- began with recovery from the massive suppression on the black movement by COINTELRO (counterintelligence program launched by the FBI by director J. Edgar Hoover) 2. Hoover tried to stifle any form of a black revolution 3. Affirmative action- â€Å"reverse discrimination† 4. Achievements- blacks penetration and victories in electoral politics 5. Sought to build national independent power structures 6. Resurgence of pan-africanism * *80s: 1. Challenges- continuing crisis of US society, rise of the vulgar and â€Å"respectable† right, continuing struggle to rebuild a black mass movement and appropriate alliances and coalitions in order to defend black gains, win new ones and minimize losses 2. Problem of alliance and coalition 3. Achievements- heightened level of electoral political activity among blacks 4. First black governor (Virginia) * 90s: 1. Challenges- increasing negative attitude of the Supreme Court to racial injustice and affirmative action, continuation of hate crimes, veto and later passage of 1991 civil rights act, increase in poverty 2. Achievements- election of Bill Clinton and 39 blacks on congress and one black senator 10. Discuss the million persons marches. What were their similar concerns and their effect on the black community? * **Million man march/ day of absence- voiced concern about increasing racism, deteriorating social conditions, etc.and the impact on the world * -Day of absence: women organized communities to stay away from business/ school and to register people to vote and empower the community as a whole * -Created a sense of possibility and promise; after there were increases in membership in organizations, adoption rates, mentoring programs and social activism. * Million woman march- needed to energize the lives and struggles of black women * Million youth march- same thing, but with youths (not a huge turnout) * –All of these marches were a statement for self-consciousness as black men, women, and youth and the responsibility to community and struggle which this implies and requires 11. What are some major challenges of the beginning 21st century? * 2000 presidential election and voter suppression (gore and bush), tragedy and aftermath of hurricane Katrina, HIV/AIDS epidemic, continuing police abuse, deteriorating socio-economic conditions